Unstable Shoulder

Shoulder Treatment often focuses on the ball-and-socket joint, where the head of the upper arm bone (humerus) fits into the shallow socket of the shoulder blade (scapula), called the glenoid. This joint allows the arm to move in many directions. It is held in place and stabilized by surrounding ligaments and muscles that support the joint during movement.

Because the shoulder joint has such a wide range of motion, it is more prone to instability. Shoulder instability occurs when these supporting tissues become too loose or damaged, making it difficult for the arm bone to stay firmly in the socket. This can lead to pain, weakness, and the risk of dislocation.

To diagnose shoulder instability, a doctor typically begins with a physical examination to assess strength, motion, and any looseness in the joint. They will also review any past injuries or history of shoulder instability. Additional imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, sometimes using contrast dye, can help get a clearer view. In some cases, doctors may perform an exam under anesthesia followed by arthroscopy for further assessment.

Causes

Shoulder instability can be caused by several factors. Some people are born with naturally loose joints (hypermobility). It can also result from a sudden injury, like a fall or sports accident. Repetitive stress from activities like throwing or overhead work can weaken shoulder structures over time. A previous shoulder injury or dislocation may also lead to instability if the tissues healed too loosely.

Symptoms

The main symptoms include:

• A persistent sensation of the shoulder feeling loose, out of place, or unstable
• Pain or a noticeable “clunk” sound during certain arm movements
• Repeated episodes of the shoulder giving way during specific activities or positions
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness extending down the arm to the hand if a nerve is involved

Treatment for shoulder instability focuses on relieving pain, restoring joint stability, and preventing future dislocations. Depending on the severity of the condition, both non-surgical and rehabilitation-based approaches may be recommended.

• Activity modification to avoid or reduce movements that cause pain
• Use of a sling for rest and immobilization in cases of severe pain or traumatic dislocation
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage pain and reduce inflammation
• Structured physiotherapy to relieve pain, improve range of motion, strengthen shoulder muscles, and restore functional movement